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Hydrogen Discharge Cycle

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Hydrogen is constantly transitioning from the earth's core, into the magma layer, crust, oceans, atmosphere and finally, out into space.  The Hydrogen Cycle theory addresses these transition stages, encompassing three separate processes in our planet's energy system - The Charging Cycle; the Discharge Cycle; and the Release Cycle.   Below we will examine the second of these, The Discharge Cycle.  It is important to understand the affect of pressure and temperature on matter and the video below explains this in easy to understnad terms.

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How lightning dissociates water.

If, as proposed in the Hydrogen Charge Cycle, at the bottom of the oceans, water evolves from the ocean floor from hydrothermal or geothermal vents, and if the creation of water is the Charging Cycle of the planet's energy system through the injection of H+ into the water column, then lightning would form the Discharge Cycle, removing H+ from the water in our atmosphere.   

Assuming this is true, then all the conditions that caused water to form should be the opposite to cause it to dissociate.  We see that these conditions will hold true for the theory of lightning:

1.  Pressure would be lower than at the earth's surface - at 15km above the earth, pressure is about half of one atmosphere.

2.  Temperature would be lower then the surface - it is about -33 degrees Celsius at 15km above the surface.

3.  Sulfate would be present as a promoter or catalytic agent - it is, as a cloud condensing nuclei (CCN).

4.  There would be a magnetic field vertically to promote this dissociation - there is with the earth's magnetic field.

All of these conditions can be achieved in only one place - a thunderstorm.  As discussed earlier in the theories surrounding  Lghtning and The Sulfur Cycle, lightning is caused by the dissociation of sulfuric acid, created in the atmosphere by sulfur trioxide (SO3) and water.  Below is a diagram of  this process and is explained below step-by-step.

                 

 

  • SO2 is oxidized by oxygen to form SO3 .
  • SO3 + H2O react exothermically to create heat and sulfuric acid H2SO4.
  • Energized H2SO4 cools rapidly in a magnetic field and ionizes into 2H+ and SO4-2.
  • Cold SO4-2 acts as a CCN and water freezes to it forming an ice particle
  • As the ice particle grows it gets heavier until it descends.
  • As the particle descends it is heated by the inter cloud lightning in the thunderstorm which produces as much as 6000 degrees Celsius.
  • This process causes the ice to melt and the sulfate to give up an O-2.
  • The sulfate SO4-2 becomes SO3 in this process and eventually H2SO4.
  • The O-2 builds up in the clouds lower front quadrant and forms the negatively charged ions that create lightning.
  • The H+ from above circulates in the upper rear quadrant, circulated by wind in the storm.
  • Between these two charged masses, a double layer occurs and is where inter-cloud lightning occurs whenever there is a charge imbalance.

 

 

The Hybird Sulfur Cycle is an example of this process.

The two reactions in the HyS cycle are as follows:

  1. 2 H2SO4 → 2 H2O + 2 SO2 + O2 (thermochemical 800 - 900 °C)
  2. SO2 + 2 H2O → H2SO4 + H2 (electrochemical 80 - 120 °C)
Net reaction: 2 H2O → 2 H2 + O2

Sulfur dioxide acts as a depolarizer on the anode. This results in a significant decrease of voltage (and thus electrical energy) required for reaction (2). The reversible voltage of reaction (2) is about 0.17 V, compared to 1.23 V required for electrolysis of water (with oxygen evolution as the anodic reaction).

For a detailed explanation of this process and experimental project see, The Hybird Sulfur Cycle. 

 

A thunderstorm is a large chemical processing unit.  It removes sulfur and water from the environment.  It eliminates collected heat through the release of hydrogen (H+) and it returns oxygen for us to breath.  We know that H+ is the lightest atom known to man and that it is the most abundent atom in our universe.   The question is, "Where does it come from and where is it going?" In the next section we will discuss this topic and describe the process in general terms.